The Power of the Beys in Ottoman Egypt
The Influence of the Egyptian Beys The twelve Beys of Egypt were among the most powerful men in the Ottoman […]
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Morality Charity and Good Works in the Ottoman Empire
The Importance of Morality in Ottoman Society Although some early European writers described the Ottoman Turks as warriors who spent
The Difficult Condition of Wallachia
The state and condition of the province of Wallachia has been no better, and in many ways worse, than that
Learning for the Duties of High Office
A great minister, or any high officer of the Empire, was expected to perform his duties with knowledge and judgment.
Envy Rivalry and Court Politics
Emulation and flattery were powerful forces in the Ottoman court. Many rival groups and factions competed for influence, and this
News of Fighting in the Streets
At this moment, news arrived that a fight had broken out in the streets. The outcome was still uncertain, and
The Absolute Power of the Emperor
Absolute Rule as the Strength of the Empire The absolute authority of the emperor is one of the greatest supports
The Prince’s Support for an Art School
In 1887, the Bulgarian Prince held a conversation with the artist Ivan Angeloff, who had organized an exhibition of his
Standard of Bulgarian Money
The Bulgarian monetary system is based on clearly defined standards for both gold and silver coins. The gold coins and
Trade Relations with Germany and France
This article examines Bulgaria’s trade relations with Germany and France during three five-year periods: 1890–1894, 1895–1899, and 1900–1904. The focus