The Power of the Beys in Ottoman Egypt
The Influence of the Egyptian Beys The twelve Beys of Egypt were among the most powerful men in the Ottoman […]
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Charity Public Inns and Compassion in the Ottoman Empire
Magnificent Public Buildings Throughout the Ottoman Empire, some of the most impressive buildings were the caravanserais (also called khans), along
Plans to Change the Government
Several times, the Ottoman authorities considered changing the system of government in these three provinces. There were discussions about placing
Learning for the Duties of High Office
A great minister, or any high officer of the Empire, was expected to perform his duties with knowledge and judgment.
Envy Rivalry and Court Politics
Emulation and flattery were powerful forces in the Ottoman court. Many rival groups and factions competed for influence, and this
The Flight into the Garden
Seeing the danger before him, the man fled quickly through the terrace and ran into the royal garden. However, he
A People Shaped by Constant War
A Life Formed by Conflict The entire condition and experience of this people has been shaped by continuous war. From
Limited Role of Historical Painting
Historical painting has played only a small role in Bulgarian art. After the early and specialized efforts of Nicolas Pavlovitch,
Changing Priorities After the Creation of the Principality
Before the creation of the Bulgarian Principality, the main goal of the educated classes was the intellectual awakening of the
Trade Relations with Germany and France
This article examines Bulgaria’s trade relations with Germany and France during three five-year periods: 1890–1894, 1895–1899, and 1900–1904. The focus