The Munafihi Belief in Soul Transmigration
The story began during a conversation about the soul of a recently deceased Mufti. Albertus Bobouius, a learned visitor in […]
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Condemnation of Persian Heresy
If a Christian is condemned for claiming the Trinity in God, why should the Persian expect better treatment? Persians are
The Mahometan Representation of Heaven
The Mahometan religion presents a very physical and material view of heaven. It describes delights for the followers with gross
Decline of French Influence in the Ottoman Court
At one time, the French ambassador enjoyed special privileges in the Ottoman Empire. He was invited to secret councils and
The Roman Example of Citizenship
The Romans clearly understood the advantage of welcoming foreigners into their state. They created a law called jus civitatis, which
Different Policies for Old and New Lands
It is important to explain another point of Ottoman policy. While the Turks believed it was useful to keep some
The Role of the Reis Efendi
The Mufti will be discussed later in its proper place. Here we will focus on the Reis Efendi, whose title
The Chosen Agiamoglans of the Imperial Seraglio
The Agiamoglans who were chosen to serve in the Grand Signior’s Seraglio were selected from the best among the whole
Discipline and Obedience
The Turks believe that those who know how to obey are best prepared to govern. At first, young men in
The Corruption of Bektas Aga
False Wealth and Debased Coinage On the opposite side stood Bektas Aga, who felt completely secure in his position and